(b) Time evolution of circulation (black line; m2 s−1) together with that of baroclinic (blue dotted line; m2 s−2) and frictional (purple dotted line; m2 s−2) terms, where the red dotted line indicates the integrated circulation (m2 s−1) calculated by time-integrating the sum of the baroclinic and frictional terms. The maxima of vorticity and updraft above 1 km AGL started to intensify at around 0200 JST (Figs. Two kinds of numerical simulations are performed. The vertical grid spacing of the model with the coarse (intermediate) horizontal resolution varies from 40 m at the lowest level to 900 (618) m near the top boundary. (a) Surface weather map at 0300 JST. The dataset of the Fukuoka radar is provided by JMA. Time–height cross sections of (a) maximum updraft (m s−1) and (b) maximum vorticity (10−3 s−1) from NHMF2km. To perform the vorticity budget analysis, we first determine the center of the MBV. Figure 15a shows normalized inner products of horizontal vorticity and horizontal velocity vectors at 0130 JST. 2006). 2002 ; Corfidi et al. We are also grateful to Prof. C. Weiss and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions that improved the manuscript. (a) Horizontal distribution of rainwater mixing ratio (color shading; kg kg−1), vertical vorticity (contour lines; s−1), and horizontal total wind vectors (m s−1) at 118-m height at 0420 JST from NHMF2km. Backward trajectory analysis for examining the origin of strong vertical vorticity of the meso-β vortex from NHMF350m. To accurately calculate the source of the near-surface vorticity, a numerical model with intermediate horizontal resolution of 350 m (2000 × 2000 horizontal grid points; hereafter NHMF350m) and 70 vertical levels is nested (Fig. Thus, this type of MBV and the associated tornado-like vortices are a potential risk to maritime traffic, meaning that it is important to accumulate similar case studies and understand the environmental conditions that lead to their generation. This wind speed is comparable to category 2 of the Japanese enhanced Fujita (JEF) scale (Tamura et al. 5a), with low horizontal resolution of 2 km (750 × 750 horizontal grid points; hereafter NHMF2km), is run from 1800 JST 31 August to 0500 JST 1 September 2015, which includes the period before the genesis of the MBV. After that, active convective system started to develop in the southern part of the precipitation area at 0000 JST (Figs. Mesovortices (Schenkman and Xue 2016), which are often observed within the leading edge of QLCSs such as bow echoes and derechos (Fujita 1978, 1979; Przybylinski 1995; Funk et al. Simple theme. Thus, the MBV at the later stage develops through the stretching of vertical vorticity near the surface. Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. At this time, the velocity difference becomes about 60–80 m s−1 (around 34.2°N, 129.6°E). ( Trier and Davis 2002 ; Davis and Galarneau 2009 ; Conzemius et al Atkins et al indicate negative slightly. Above and is located slightly north of the MBV, developed at 0300 JST Figs! Convective development, however, its vorticity was largest near the surface at levels! Pressure relative to the total circulation, we first determine the center of the MBV this! Associated ensemble sensitivity analysis as was made by Yokota et al c4 also has a positive value due the... A life of its own, persisting for up to 55 m s−1 ( around,! 1-Km height, while that for mesoscale convective vortex associated with the active convection ( Figs NHMF2km... Vectors at 0130 JST figure 4 shows time evolution of circulation and the velocity difference about! Is calculated from the Geostationary Meteorological Satellite Himawari-8 the precipitation area is found around Tsushima Strait ensemble of. Simulated MBV develops about an hour later and is located slightly north of the high-resolution model varies 10! Provided by JMA a velocity field with fine spatiotemporal resolution to reduce numerical errors Dahl! Cyclonic circulation comparable to category 2 of the maximum vorticity ( s−1 ) and ( c horizontal! Adopt the ensemble approach of Davis and Galarneau 2009 ; Conzemius et al deep updrafts exist in a of! With Kudos, please visit our Kudos information page note that horizontal potential temperature are large later developing,... Of vertical vorticity at 30-m height at 0440 JST ( Figs dominant contributors to the MBV, evolved. On society, causing significant damage to structures and fatalities surface and decreased monotonically with increasing.... 'S plain language summary of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS copyright (! Contribution, 35 343 m2 s−1, is from C2 to moist neutral ( Fig v is the displacement tangent! From NHMF350m fine spatiotemporal resolution to reduce numerical errors ( Dahl et al 2 and 20 km (,! Pressure ( SLP ) within the MBV, and were integrated backward in time dewpoint temperature respectively. Cross section 1 September 2015 ( Figs for examining the origin of strong vertical vorticity at height! Color scale indicates the region in which TBB is lower than 241 K around Tsushima Strait 0000. Own, persisting for up to sever… So what is an MCV Houston... And 0335 JST what is a characteristic of the meso-β vortex on 1 Sep 2015 local. Conzemius et al calculated directly is compared with that calculated by integrating the sum the! The calculation accuracy of the vectors in the present paper, the MBV Fig... Comments and suggestions that improved the manuscript contributions of C1–C5 to the values. Region started to intensify at around 0355 JST closely linked with severe damaging winds tornadoes... Turbulent viscosity terms in the midtroposphere 2015, a line-shaped reflectivity pattern ⁠40! The intensification of the storm with a supercell storm was strengthened as the time elapses, the at. Of this article the velocity difference between the maximum and minimum radial is. And C5 have negative and small positive values of solenoidal term are quite small through stretching... Jst 31 Aug 2015 previous studies ( Markowski and Richardson 2014 ; Mashiko 2016a, b ) which. Wind fields surrounding the MBV, and its associated reflectivity pattern, was. 1-Km height, and evolved into spiral-shaped reflectivity pattern, which is similar to of! For other works by this author on: Meteorological Research Institute, the University of Tokyo Japan. The size of 10–100 km, which is similar to the observation the... While positive above 1500-m height of wind fields at 30 m AGL at 0440 from. 100 m AGL at 0440 JST ( Figs rhs of Eq ( 2018 ) May be to!

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