Throughout the Middle Ages, the King of Germany was known as "King of the Romans" from his election as king . In 1356 French forces were defeated at Poitiers. The Anglican Church thus became an independent national body, based on some of the teachings of Protestant reformer Martin Luther. Upon the death of Henry III in 1589, the government of France was taken over by Henry of Navarre (15531610; ruled 15891610), a Protestant, who became King Henry IV. In 1684, La Salle lay claim, on behalf of France, to the entire Mississippi River basin, from the Illinois country to the Gulf of Mexico. The ships would stop off the coast of Flanders and pick up the 22,000-man army headed by the duke of Parma. She was beheaded, along with her husband, Guildford Dudley, in 1554. Francis corresponded with the Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus and sponsored a royal lecture series that supported promising scholars. In the Theses Luther listed his grievances with Roman Catholicism, such as his opposition to the practice of selling indulgences (forgiveness of sins). In 1492 Queen Isabella, the monarch of Spain, commissioned Columbus to prove he could find the western route. Just as Philip was on the verge of reclaiming the northern provinces of the Netherlands, his attention was diverted by war with England. The three young monarchs bitterly competed for the title of Emperor, but the rivalry was especially intense between Francis and Charles. Instead, one had merely to sail west for a month or two, across the Atlantic Ocean, in order to reach the island of Japan. This decision gave the advantage to the English main fleet, which departed from Plymouth and was sailing with the wind. In 1560 the Spanish attempted unsuccessfully to take Tripoli, a port city in northwest Lebanon, from the Turks. In the late fifteenth century Spain began to focus on the riches to be gained from ocean trade. By the early seventeenth century, however, Spanish people had become convinced that Moriscos were plotting with Muslim and Protestant enemies to overthrow the Catholic state. Although hostilities ended for a time, by 1551 the German princes had found another ally in the new king of France, Henry II (see "France" section previously in this chapter). In 1429 the country was dramatically energized by Joan of Arc (c. 14121431), who was known as the Maid of Orlans. power of the great feudal lords. The final push for Italian unification came in 1859, led by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (then the wealthiest and most liberal of the Italian states), and orchestrated by Piedmont-Sardinia's Prime Minister, Count Camillo di Cavour. In the process, he helped bring the Italian Renaissance to France. The Puritans gave him a document called the Millenary Petition, a request for changes that was supposedly signed by a thousand of the king's subjects. He recalled Alba and replaced him with Luis de Requesens (pronounced ray-kay-SAINS; Dvelopp par Lilith Games, Rise of Kingdoms est un Prince Henry the Navigator (13941460), a son of John I, founded a nautical school at Sagres, where he gathered the world' best navigators, mapmakers, geographers, and astronomers. In 1598 he signed the Edict of Nantes, which guaranteed religious freedom to the Huguenots. Charles's younger brother, Ferdinand, was named Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1558. Great Britain was born on the first of May, 310 years ago. Territory that is now France was invaded by tribes from Scandinavia (Norway, Denmark, and Sweden). Upon Henry's death in 1422, his infant son, Henry VI, was crowned king of both France and England. The term "feudal system" is used by historians to describe a social-political structure which was a key feature of medieval Europe. Login. Nevertheless, his thorough exploration and charting of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence led the way for further exploration by one of his countrymen, Samuel de Champlain (c. 15671635). The Concordat marked a high point in the struggle over the question of the monarch's sovereignty, which had divided France into two camps. KingRider. Elizabeth's court became the cultural center of its day, and her era was a time of unparalled literary achievement. He called this new territory Louisiana, in honor of France's king, Louis XIV. In 1526 he inherited the thrones of Hungary and Bohemia when the Ottoman Turks killed King Louis, the ruler of those provinces. A similar movement emerged in Andalusia. Although he sailed as far as the Venezuelan coast, he never found the rich kingdoms of the Orient. In 1639 a French army invaded Catalonia, and in 1641 the Catalonians declared their independence from Spain and gave their allegiance to King Louis XIII of France. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Henry therefore seemed to personify many attributes of the Renaissance. In 1485 Henry's forces defeated Richard's armies at the Battle of Bosworth Field. These requests raised a question about rights to sea routes. Soon the stability of England was threatened by complex internal conflicts over the question of who should be king. Under feudalism there were few cities, and most communities consisted of small towns and rural areas clustered around castles, which served as centers of government and social life (see "Castle as center of community" in Chapter 1). Joan was condemned to death for alleged heresy and witchcraft (use of supernatural powers to summon evil spirits). The Jews therefore welcomed the invading Moors in 711. Francia or Frankia, later also called the Frankish Empire (Latin: imperium Francorum), was the territory inhabited and ruled by the Franks from the third to the tenth century.The Frankish realm was ruled as one polity subdivided into several regna (kingdoms or subkingdoms). https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain, Pre-1600: World Events: Selected Occurrences Outside North America, Politics, Law, and the Military: Chronology. They used the The English colonies, especially in the South, would later establish a plantation economy, producing chiefly tobacco and cotton, that relied heavily on the use of African slaves. During the wars, both France and Spain formed complex political alliancesin fact, they were even fighting on the same side at one point. Animal Kingdoms: Hunting, the Environment and Power in the Indian Princely States. End of the Merovingian dynasty. In May 1533 Henry's divorce was granted by Thomas Cranmer (14891556), the new archbishop of Canterbury (head of the Anglican Church). In the sixteenth century the Argonese cause was adopted by the Habsburgs (a royal family with branches in Austria and Spain) when Charles I, a member of the Habsburg family, became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). Louis the German's rise to power, however, was not a smooth one, because internal turmoil plagued the Carolingian empire in the 830s and early 840s. Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great or Charles I, was the king of the Franks from 768 and the king of Italy from 774, and from 800 was the first emperor in western Europe since the collapse of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. Calling themselves Comuneros and supported by practically all levels of society, they demanded that no foreigners be appointed to government positions. The Peace of Westphalia (1648), which ended the Thirty Years' War, and the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659) marked the end of Habsburg dominance. Henry declined to join the French effort. Question 9. The three main conflicts were the Edwardian War (134060), won by English king Edward III; the Caroline War (136989), won by French king Charles V (13371380; ruled 136480); and the Lancastrian War (141535), won by French king Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261). He made similar alliances with Portugal. In 1601 he attempted to stage a coup (overthrow of government) that would oust Cecil's party and put his own party in power around the queen. Some collections remained in cathedrals that had earlier been associated with monasteries, like Canterbury and Dudiam, while others were acquired by Oxford and Cambridge universities or by private collectors. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? The last group of colonists mysteriously disappeared. Children, slaves, and "good Christians" (those people who had sincerely converted to Christianity) numbering in the tens of thousands were allowed to remain in the country. The king also established completely new policies that would appeal to Spanish pride. Although England was exhausted by the long conflict with France, the Tudor monarchs began a new dynasty after emerging victorious from the War of the Roses, a struggle between two families for the throne of England. In expedition after expedition, Portuguese ships inched their way down the African coast. In spite of tense relations with Parliament and the threat of involvement in wars abroad, James supported the Renaissance that had been initiated by Elizabeth. The Portuguese monarchy had also asked the pope to recognize Portugal's authority over its discoveries in Africa. Under the last of the Valois kings, Charles IX (15501574; ruled 156074) and Henry III (15511589; ruled 157489), a series of fierce religious civil wars devastated France. The Moors surrendered Toledo to the Christians in 1085. In yet another change of mind, many noblemen began demanding that Charles's brother Ferdinand be named king. The uncrowned French king, Charles VII, then took the throne in 1429. This move shocked and offended most Christians in Europe, even many of Francis's longtime supporters. The light and quick English ships also had the advantage of being able to outmaneuver the bulky Spanish galleons. He was supported by leaders in the commercial towns, who regarded the king as their natural ally. Although they appreciated his will to resist the mighty Spanish kingdom, they felt that Francis was committing heresy by allying with what Christians considered "infidel" Turks to slaughter fellow Christians. Since the thirteenth century all Holy Roman Emperors had come from the house of Habsburg. While Charles was securing his empire in Western Europe, his military generalscalled the conquistadorswere winning tremendous lands and wealth in the Americas. Establishes Anglican Church Henry VIII is best known today for establish ing the Anglican Church (Church of England) after the pope refused to let him get a divorce from his first wife. It also called for Francis's two sons to be held in Madrid for a ransom (money paid for releasing a hostage) of two million gold crowns (a large sum of Spanish money). The queen died two years later. During a famous confrontation with the emperor, the German priest refused to budge on his controversial views. With the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, Spain's two largest Christian kingdoms, Aragon (in central Spain) and Castile (in eastern Spain), were united into a powerful force. By the fifteenth century, however, many European states had gained independence and the empire was concentrated mainly in central Europe. Once a Dutch presence had been established in the Spice Islands, ships commissioned by the Dutch East India Company assaulted Portuguese ports from the Indian Ocean to China. When we look at existing monarchies in Europe, following are of German descent: Royal Family of Belgium. when he began competing against Charles I, the young king of Spain. James's reign was troubled by his insistence upon ruling by divine right (the concept that a king is chosen directly by God). Edmund Spenser dedicated his masterpiece, the epic poem The Faerie Queen, to Elizabeth, and dramas by William Shakespeare and his contemporaries rank among the highest achievements of the Elizabethan age. Following Mary' death, Philip II had suggested that he marry Eliza beth. James could not prevent Parliament from voting funds for a campaign against Spain. 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rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom