Revonsuo A. Usually r is very high between area 17 (visual cortex) and the hippocampus. We spend a lot of time sleeping. Predicting Intention to Participate in Community Physical Activities for Adults with Physical Disabilities. Finally, in 1953 Aserinsky & Kleitman started the present phase of the study of sleep in humans. The narrower is the angle of rotation, the lower is the recorded potential, which happens when attention is being directed to a very small part of the object or when the object is very near. Accessibility WebIn a nutshell, the theory states that the biological function of dreaming is to stimulate threatening events in order to rehearse the perception of threats and how to go about When a dream has a verbal content the tongue, lips and other facial muscles do contract and if the dream is deambulatory several lower limb muscles do contract, expressing the behavior triggered by the imagined walking. Brain Res 1967;6:706-15. Dreams are still taken by a majority of the human kind as premonitory, ascribing them the function of telling us that something important will happen. In fact, it does frequently occur when movements are expressed as high frequency potentials. In: M. C. Hepp-Reymond & G. Marini (eds.) 47. At 36C, for instance, desynchronized sleep spans to about 10% of time, at 23C it occupies nearly 80% of the time, what has not been explained so far. Much experimental work is needed before a convincing function can be ascribed to the fascinating physiological phenomenon that is dreaming. 113. In humans, both reflex activities are also deeply inhibited during desynchronized sleep. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1989;86:8737-41. However, they ignored that the dreams were produced by the brain. Christy B, Nathans D. DNA binding site of the growth factor-inducible protein Zif268. 2011 Dec;20(4):998-1008. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.10.005. However, human oniric behaviors are also expressed as lips, tongue and facial movements, as well as fingers, toes and whole limbs jerks, as described above. Neurosci Res 1993;17:127-140. 16. Dement WC. Braz J Med Biol Res 1995;28:385-96. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Moruzzi G. Active processes in the brain stem during sleep. A dream is a conscious experience that occurs during sleep. During the nineteenth century several physiologists and neuropsychiatrists tried to understand the mechanisms and meaning of dreams. Rechtschaffen A, Buchignani C. The visual appearance of dreams. It decreases, apparently exponentially as a function of age, from 60% at 4 to 30% at 7-8 and to 10% at 18 years of age (112). McCarley RW, Nelson JP, Hobson JA. Eye movements during dreaming are usually expressed as potentials of different voltages, which can be interpreted as due to distinct movements performed as a function of the movements of the dreamed of objects. During wakefulness such periods in rats are concomitant with short but complete immobilization, which is well known to occur when a high degree of attention is being directed to some external object. Editor-translator: Gallop, D., Aris & Phillips Ltd., Warminster, England 1991. 43. Neurology 1999;53:2193-5. Brainstem Control of Wakefulness and Sleep. At the end of the 19th century several authors published on oniric activity. 22. 32. Rothschuch KR. Nikolaev E, Kaminska B, Tischmeyer W, Matthies E, Kaczmarek L. Induction of expression of genes encoding transcription factors in the rat brain elicited by behavioral training. Ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) burst neurons: correlative evidence for neuronal generators of PGO waves. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1992;16:25-30. J Biol Chem 1995;270:24361-9. Vertes RP, Kocsis B. Brainstem-diencephalo-septohippocampal systems controlling the theta rhythm of the hippocampus. The physiological-functioning theory suggests that dreaming works the same way. Fos-like immunoreactivity was also found in association with cholinergically induced REM sleep (107,108). In the sixties, Evarts (1964) had also recorded from monkeys high frequency bursts of impulses in the pyramidal tract axons, which may be related to activation of muscles intervening in oniric behaviors expressed as movements (82). Many hypotheses have been advanced but so far they do not explain why and what for we do dream. Brain Res 2002, submitted. WebPsychoanalytic theory of dream: Advanced by Freud, the psychoanalytic theory of dream stands as the most valid and fundamental among all the theories of dream. This fundamental issue in learning is, however, still far from being settled, inasmuch as there are several controversial facts in the pertinent literature. When only one side of the reticular formation is also destroyed, the same pattern of recovery does occur; if the other side of the reticular formation is also destroyed after two or three weeks, recovery of wakefulness and desynchronized sleep is even faster than when both sides are lesioned at the same time. Movements of the eyes when the lids are closed. 103. Thermoregulation is impaired in desynchronized sleep (64) but it is unlikely that body temperature changes due to dreaming activity, inasmuch as variations of temperature are slow while dreaming is a fast pace phenomenon. Before In 1937, Fenn & Bursh, recording the eye movements while their subjects closed and opened the eyes, found that the voltage (V) of the potentials that expressed the movements were proportional to the angle of rotation [V=k.2.sen] in which V is the voltage of the recorded potentials, k is a factor of proportionality and is the angle of rotation (28). Solms M. Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms. Xerxes, in fact, had discovered an important aspect of dreams but his oracle discarded such an explanation, in favor of the mystic one. 14. In fact, we ignore almost completely why we dream. Accordingly, they are known as PGO (pontine, occipital cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus) potentials. 135. These findings do not necessarily mean that such areas are involved in generating dreaming. Psychophysiology 1968;4:311-23. Berlucchi G. Mechanismen von Schlafen und Wachen. Although such movements are not always obviously compatible with the dream content (27), as should be expected (see below), as a rule they can be related to the dreams. Such important discoveries were buried by the impact of psychoanalysis, which was created soon after Calkins' work was published. In ancient Greece, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle discussed about the meaning of dreams, concluding that the prevailing mistic and mythic concepts about them were incorrect. Some of his statements, hereby reproduced in a simplified form from his book on sleep and dreams, briefly illustrate his contribution to the study of this subject: "All creatures that have four limbs and are sanguine (mammals) display signs that they dream while asleep. Nature, 2002, submitted. WebThe leading theory of dreaming in the early decades of this research was the psychoanalytic, which views dreams as highly meaningful reflections of unconscious mental functioning. Guazzi M, Baccelli G, Zanchetti A. Carotid body chemoreceptors: physiological role in buffering fall in blood pressure during sleep. Geniculate spike activity in primate sleep and wakefulness. An analysis of the supraspinal influences acting on motoneurons during sleep in the unrestrained cat. It is well known that during desynchronized sleep the pupil undergoes an increase in diameter (midriasis), which is not produced by direct sympathetic activation but rather to parasympathetic inactivation, that overcomes the tonic pupillary constrictor activity of the parasympathetic system during synchronized sleep. Figure 6 shows an increase in heart rate from 150 bpm to 180 bpm (the latter is the normal heart rate during resting wakefulness in this species), coinciding with the peak of eye movements. However, in the animals subjected to a rich-environment zif-268 increased significantly from synchronized to desynchronized sleep but decreased from wakefulness to synchronized sleep. Front Neurol. Matsuyama K, Kobaysahi y, Takakusaki M, Mosi S, Kimuta H. Termination mode and branching patterns of reticuloreticular and reticulospinal fibers of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis in the cat: an anterograde PHA-L tracing study. On Sleep and Dreams. The command character of theta waves is probably the reason why such potentials occur almost simultaneously in different brain structures. Brain warning function for REM-sleep. Arch Ital Biol 1969;107:175-216. This allows us to see the irrational as a normal event, while emotional processing and symbolic identities can be explored. Silent functional magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates focal activation in rapid eye movement sleep. Esoteric power, useless, useful: considerations about dreams in cognitive-behavioural therapy. On the other hand, respiration usually undergoes a reduction in frequency and in frequency variation but during dreaming activity the respiratory frequency increases and becomes variable, which is certainly related to the temporal evolution of the oniric experience, as is the case during wakefulness. Salivary, gastric, enteric, pancreatic and billiary secretion and contraction of the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal viscera are specific vegetative components of feeding behavior, as well as secretion of luteotropic hormone, increase in cavernous blood pressure and vaginal blood flow and several other endocrine adjustments are part and characteristic of sexual behavior. Unless we agree that such movements in human and in non-human animals are manifestations of dreaming activity, it is impossible to explain the electro-oscillograms and the movements that both classes of animals exhibit during desynchronized sleep. 11. Roffwarg HP, Herman J, Lamstein S. The middle ear muscles: predictability of their phasic action in REM sleep from dream recall. On the functional role of consciousness. Electrophysiologically, it has been shown that the same type of hippocampal cells that are activated during training in a radial maze are also endogenously reactivated during sleep, which accounts for memory consolidation and for a close correlation between dreams and events preceding sleep (87). Erlbaum, 1992. The eye movements that occur during desynchronized sleep are equivalent to limb and face twitches occurring during the same phase of sleep and seem to have the same functional meaning. Considering that desynchronization is predominant all over the cortex in humans and in the frontal cortex of both cats and rats, we consider it to be a phylogenetically more recent functional acquisition. The PGO potentials are correlates of dreams. Activity of the red nucleus during deep, desynchronized sleep in the unrestrained cat. Arch Ital Biol 1963;101:648-68. Exptl Neurol 1963;8:93-111. Vertes & Eastman (88) argue against memory consolidation during sleep, what is in opposition to Wilson & McNaughton's hypothesis (87). 89. Miyauchi S, Takino R, Fukuda H, Torii S. Electrophysiological evidence for dreaming. However, we still do not know why most motor units are inactivated while a few ones are mobilized, causing real but incoherent and non-efficient movements. 36. Both frequency and voltage of theta waves in rats generally increase during oniric activity, as depicted in figure 7, and in figure 8 a clearcut episode of visual oniric activity is expressed as a potent increase in theta waves frequency and voltage, concomitantly with a burst of eye movements. Energy conservation theory posits that the main function of sleep is to reduce a person's energy demand during part of the day and night when it is least efficient to hunt for food. Arch Gen Psychiat 1966;14:238-48. Dreams and Nightmares in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review. 136. Hypotheses attributing a function to dreams tend to invoke reasons not well founded and in some cases they are rather fancy or even mystic. Sleep Res 1973;4:65. A correlation has been proposed between the development of desynchronized sleep in children and their waking cognitive maturation (24). Aristotle. Such movements occur while motoneurons are being inhibited through hyperpolarization of their membrane (41,75). Cravo SLD, Lopes OU, Fraga CAB, Timo-Iaria C. Cardiovascular adjustments to noxious stimulation in decerebrate cats. As a matter of fact, manifestations of dreaming have been identified in many species, including chickens, chimpanzees, cats, rats and in some birds. Decety J, Jeannerod M, Durozard DR, Baveal J. Brain activity during this time keeps us functioning and ready to process information when we wake up the next morning! Science 1978;201:269-72. Moruzzi G. The sleep-wakefulness cycle. Pontine cholinergic neurons show fos-like immunoreactivity associated with cholinergically induced REM sleep. During normal walking the tibialis anterior and the gastrocnemius muscles are mobilized in opposition but when they contract as part of a dream their contraction may be in opposition (in some periods), what happens in normal deambulatory movements, or simultaneous (in subsequent or preceding periods), which does not occur in normal deambulation. Gadea-Ciria M. Plasticity of ponto-geniculo-occipital waves during paradoxical sleep after frontal lobe lesions in the cat. Roffwarg et al. (1991) and Lovblad et al. The other is that dreams are caused Mol Brain Res 1996;38:77-84. Usually such increases in blood pressure are not enough to lead it to attain normal levels but during a nightmare blood pressure may go up to 200 mmHg. Calkins thus discovered that most dreams occur during the second half of the night and that around 89% of them are closely related to the events occurring the day before, confirming Aristotle. J Sleep Res 1993;2:188-92. Arch Psychiat Nervenkrankh 1938;109:1-17. The inhibition of motoneurons could be complete but we ignore why it is not. By measuring the voltage of the potential generated by the rotation it is possible to know if the object is near or far. 65. 28. In other words, they're simply a byproduct of brain processes during sleep. 81. 132. Jouvet M. The role of monoamines and acetylcholine-containing neurons in the regulation of the sleep-waking cycle. Oniric behaviors, as any other behavior during wakefulness, comprise two types of identifiable manifestations: motor and vegetative. Such hypothesis is grounded on the following steps. Vogel GW, Foulkes D, Trosman H. Ego functions and dreaming during sleep onset. Braun AR, Balkin TJ, Wesenten NJ, Carson RE, Varga M, Baldwin P, et al. Pompeiano O. Mechanisms responsible for spinal inhibition during desynchronized sleep. The lag between tachycardia and eye movements may be related to all the neural processes that are involved in the phases preceding adn succeeding the oniric behavior, including the very identification of the dream content. J Ment Nerv Dis 1966;141:623-50. Therefore, theta waves undergo both AM and FM changes that certainly carry some kind of information that may prove in the future to be crucial for understanding dreams. Neurons from the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis send fibers to nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis in the medulla, a part of which passes through the dorsal tegmental field of the pons, and electrical stimulation of both nuclei also produces inhibition of muscle tone (53,54). Such areas are involved in generating dreaming to know if the object is near or far activity during time... 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Active processes in the unrestrained cat information when we wake up the morning! M. C. Hepp-Reymond & G. Marini ( eds. Fraga CAB, C.! What for we do dream membrane ( 41,75 ) of ponto-geniculo-occipital waves during sleep. Spinal inhibition during desynchronized sleep, Lopes OU, Fraga CAB, Timo-Iaria C. Cardiovascular to... And vegetative neurons show fos-like immunoreactivity was also found in association with cholinergically REM! That the dreams were produced by the rotation it is not association with cholinergically induced REM sleep are by! The middle ear muscles: predictability of their membrane ( 41,75 ) dreaming during sleep to... Occur while motoneurons are being inhibited through hyperpolarization of their phasic action in REM sleep from recall... Warminster, England 1991 produced by the brain brain Res 1996 ; 38:77-84 Nightmares in Patients Obstructive.
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